A Modest Proposal Essays

A Modest Proposal Essays A Modest Proposal Paper A Modest Proposal Paper Swift creates a narrator in order to satirize the intellectual hypocrisy, arrogance, and moral depravity of the landlords who paper over greed and prejudice with scientific rationalizations about the causes of Irelands poverty. Englishmen of that era frequently attributed Irelands poverty to its backward Catholic faith, not to English policies. Swifts narrator mocks, of all things, Irish eating habits and cites a French physician who attributes the seasonal surplus of Irish infants to the Catholic practice of eating fish during lent which the expert claims make Catholics more fertile. He claims that this backward Catholic practice of fish-eating can actually be turned into a financial windfall because the Irish children can be butchered and eaten during religious holidays and after christenings. It never even occurs to the narrator that eating human beings is more barbaric than eating fish. And this is where the similarity becomes evident. For in Alive, Read has made it reasonable to eat flesh, and in a similar manner to Swift, uses impersonal vocabulary, such as carcass rather than body. Although there is a strong moral tone throughout, the text remains neutral and dispassionate in Alive. In both, the authors have not tried to make their voices sensational, but rather like arguing their cases by presenting evidence. We can see this on page 62, where the survivors are still indecisive. Both sides of opinions are given, one perhaps slightly stronger than the other, and the reader is allowed to decide for himself what is right. I think most readers, due to the biased nature of the script, and the conditions mentioned before hand, tend to agree with the eventuality. P P Read has taken care to point out via his characters, that social taboo is not a sin of God, and differentiates between sin and physical revulsion. No one of the survivors proclaims that what they are doing, or might do is wrong! but each argues for himself, for personal reasons. Read suggests that there is no moral indecision, as there is in Swifts Modest Proposal, but there is a distinction between what is accepted by social conventions and what is right in the name of God. As well as using motives and social issues, there are a variety of literary techniques used by both the narrator in A Modest Proposal, and P P Read. The narrators well structured, almost business like approach, in A Modest Proposal, that has the posterity of a politicians, such as, I propose to provide for them, and careful selection of words, nutrient rather than food is one example or yield to compare human flesh to crops to be harvested, becomes apparent only when the article is understood for its real meaning. This mix of both an apparently shielded, as well as a grotesquely open approach to cannibalism, for example, a healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, wholesome food, in A Modest Proposal, confounds the reader. Read, often to make a point, will isolate sentences, such as The truth was incontestable, and like Swift, writes his piece in a detached manner. Although he does sometimes generate empathy, for example from the letters that were never sent home, it is interesting to note that the detail and description is economised, saved for particular occasions, for example, the crash itself, or as the survivors watched as a far away, disorientated Valeta stumbled down a valley: his body slithered helplessly down the side of the mountain There is also a regular use of short, sharp sentences that are used for a similar effect as the above. Combined with very minimal writing, P P read presents an argument that is guided by him, yet is left to the reader- one that seems sensible, scientific, and pragmatic. With a similar purpose, although with a contrasting approach, Swift too teaches his confused readers an important object lesson about how easy it is to be taken in, about how easy it is to become perplexed and morally confused when faced with clever, but false, reasoning. For example, while most readers will recognize that Swift is not seriously advocating cannibalism, many will mistakenly attribute the narrators anti-Catholic ravings to the Anglican clergyman, Swift. Perhaps Swift wants to show readers that their own religious prejudices make them easy targets for manipulation and make their reason an unreliable instrument for clearly differentiating between the rationalizations of Swifts morally degenerate narrator and a truly enlightened Christian perspective (his own? )- In the same way that Read questions whether the fact that the survivors of the Fairchild are Christians make them differentiate between society and religion, or whether they become cannibals because of their own instincts, in mind of the Survival of the Fittest. In a similar way, Read approaches religion almost dismissively, yet takes it into special account. His story is very much about spirituality, and throughout, the characters are often speaking the Hail Mary, but continuing to eat flesh, in religious confusion. The barren lifeless environment that they inhabit seems to give them a particular closeness to God. Yet, they challenge century old ideas of respect for dead bodies, of the linkage of body and soul, and their thoughts of the dead as simply meat is a very radical idea in the Christian world. Whether the survivors of the Fairchild convince themselves or actually believe in what they are doing is another matter. It is clear to me that Read has used wine in particular to signify the Holy Communion in connection to the blood of Christ, yet this time, it seems that they have taken a step further, substituting bread for the body itself. Another survivor, Delgado: we thought to ourselves, that if Jesus at His last supper had shared His flesh and blood with his apostles, then it was a sign to us that we should do the same take the flesh and blood as an intimate communion between us all. Although Swifts grotesque narrator, with his reasoned proposal for cannibalism, his suggestion that childrens skin be manufactured into ladies gloves or gentlemens boots, and his grisly recipe collection is probably the literary antecedent of Hannibal Lecter, he states his piece so calmly, that one can sometimes wonder where the blood and gore has gone. The narrators moral confusion is also mirrored in Swifts readers. Swift entangles not only his narrator, but also his readers, possibly deliberately, in faulty reasoning. To most readers, the reasonable narrator appears completely irrational in suggesting cannibalism as a modest and reasonable solution to the problem of Irish poverty. Yet this cannibal professes Christianity and concern for the poor; he champions progress. An effective technique that Swift uses is verisimilitude. He quotes scientific experts such as a French doctor, and another cannibal, Psalmanazar, and manipulates reason and science to justify not only cannibalism, but ignorance, unemployment, exploitation, and anti-Catholic bigotry. However, the conditions which Swift or Read describes are not hyperbole, for the Great Potato Famine ravaged Ireland, and the moral dilemmas faced by the Argentinean Rugby Team were ones that had never been addressed in the society of the day. Only, in Modest Proposal does the projector exaggerate, and perhaps only a little. Instead, Swift has used savage irony to wield his powerful writing skills, and here lies the success of his article. By writing of cannibalism and its meaning in society as an antithesis, in an masterminded satirized form, Swift makes his work all the more poignant, while his projector appears cold, mechanical, his thoughts computed and wicked, his words spoken, rather, with the banality of evil in mind. However, in Alive, the reader learns that decisions of an extreme nature shall always have opposition, whichever answer is given. The author, while remaining detached and reporting only through the survivors journey and speech, I feel creates a similar narrator as in A Modest Proposal, only not quite as directly. There is certainly the voice of Pier Paul Read in the book, and although he is not quite as direct or inhumane as his counterpart in A Modest Proposal, his detachment creates a sense of fear and bewilderment in the reader, as they envision what they themselves might have don in a similar situation. When Alive and A Modest Proposal are compared, although I found this difficult considering they are not easily paralleled, I preferred Jonathan Swifts satirical piece, for this reason. It was short, ridiculous, and although not originally intended, humorous in its madness. On the other hand, I found Pier Paul Reads work tedious and too questioning of a topic, cannibalism, that many today have made their firm minds up about, and of decisions that may only be changed if they were faced with such terrible situations.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Discussion Many changes have occurred to the civil rights movement over the years. The changes reflect the period in which the people of color strived to gain their rights (Putnam, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Association for the Advancement of Colored People specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every generation of the movements, such as; Underground Railroad, Abolitionist Movement, and Non-violent Advocates enhanced the efforts of the people of color to advance their rights (Paden, 2010). The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was established after realization that the best way of advancing equal rights was through the judicial system. NAACP safeguards civil liberties of all men and women in the US to make sure that social justice is adhered to. Fundamentally, human beings are made equal and endowed with unalienable rights by their creator. NAACP safeguards this fundame ntal belief (Paden, 2010) Besides the role of monitoring guarding constitutional rights of the coloreds, NAACP plays an influential role of bringing social and judicial changes in the US. It advances political, economic, educational and social equality of the rights of all people to remove racial prejudices. This mission is accomplished through the US judicial system. The NAACP leadership works against discrimination on racial grounds and crimes based on hate by ensuring that they are punished whenever they occur (Paden, 2010). This paper explains how NAACP uses its social capital influence to act in the US political system. This influence is exhibited through: NAACP†s composition; ability to argue issues before the federal court; emphasis on economic programs and initiatives for members; engagement in social programs; prioritization of anti-poverty policy; policy shift that targets low income earners; policy to remove employment barriers for formerly incarcerated; stable rela tionship with financial institutions; and its involvement in provision of quality education and reform.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Composition of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP is made up of local branches, Youth and College Chapters, national membership and Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics (ACT-SO) programs. This makes the organization to be one of the largest advocacy organization concerned with challenges plaguing African American families. With elaborately spread local volunteer infrastructure, the accumulated and organized wells of local credibility, expertise, and the ability to mobilize, the NAACP continues to be uniquely positioned to play a sustaining role in transformative change in the US political system. For instance: through its State Conferences and local volunteer leaders, NAACP was inst rumental in illegalizing the death penalty and racial profiling in 2009; successively lobbied for the passage of Racial Justice Act in North Carolina in 2009; in New York, members of NAACP assisted in enacting reforms which called for admission of drug addicts in rehabilitation centers; and in Florida, NAACP members assisted in reforming the state’s zero-tolerance school discipline policies (Paden, 2010). Additionally, the NAACP has a comprehensive process of retraining and maintaining its network branches in modern community organization and mobilization. By partnering with Midwest Academy, NAACP established a curriculum that aids the branches to realize their potential as local community organizers and advocates. The association also consists of youth councils, young adult councils and college and prison chapters across US. The group promotes significant programs at both national and local levels. Protection of civil rights and fostering of black economic development are it s primary areas of concern. In addition, the program represents organization’s commitment to fighting drugs, teen pregnancy and other social challenges that plague the black community (Paden, 2010). NAACP’s Ability to Argue Cases before the Federal Courts NAACP argues cases at the national level before the federal courts and lobbies for or against proposed laws and federal appointments. For instance, the association successfully blocked the appointment of judge Bork to the Supreme Court.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Association for the Advancement of Colored People specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a clear indication of how NAACP mobilized its local branches and capitalized on its national supremacy. The group lobbied in Washington, lobbied, protested and testified as part of a major coalition: involving Congressional Black Caucus; Leadership Council on Civil rights; and the American Way. These groups represented minorities, women, labor and religious groups. At local levels, local branches throughout the country lobbied their Senators with cards, letters and phone calls opposing the nomination of judge Bork to the Supreme Court.(Paden, 2010). NAACP’s Emphasis on Economic Programs and Initiatives for its Members The NAACP puts more emphasis on economic programs and initiatives besides playing the primary role of monitoring civil rights and law enforcement. The association has had economic programs and policies to assist its members.   The national programs include: Fare Share and NAACP Economic Development Corp created to help growth and development of minority businesses. Fair Share seeks to enhance participation of blacks in policy making positions on the boards of major corporations, encourage promotions among blacks in management level positions in major corporations, implement an across the board affirmative action program that ensures aggressive recruitment, hiring and promotion of blacks at all levels in the corporate structure. For instance, NAACP managed to secure an agreement with Pacific Bell which increased its advertising with minority owned media by 63%. The program encouraged many companies to buy more products and services from minority vendors. This voluntary agreement has been signed by several firms including; Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corp, Walt Disney Productions Inc, Atlantic City Casino Association and others. NAACP’s Engagement in Social Programs It is also important to note NAACP’s social programs as a significant area of engagement. As NAACP settles to move into the future, the black population continues to be faced with many social problems that are central to the organization’s interest.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To exert more influence to its membership, NAACP engages in developing visible initiatives to address some of these social problems. These challenges have led the organization to adopt new priorities. For instance, new goals and directions were announced in 1987 at the National Convention. The new thrust of the group was to concentrate on the areas of self help, quality education, economic development, and self discipline. This was to be done by freeing communities of crime, drugs, teenage pregnancies and high school dropouts. These problems were addressed by another of workshops in the Convention. For instance, NAACP women’s auxiliary established programs to reduce teenage pregnancy. In addition, NAACP sponsors Afro–American Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics and Back to School/Stay-In-School programs to encourage black youth towards greater academic excellence. The NAACP used to direct economic and social problems facing blacks and minorities to other gr oups, such as National Urban League. The group used to be reluctant to engage into such issues as crime, teen pregnancy and illiteracy as they were outside the organization’s initial scope and would spread their scarce resources. In away, this aspect reduced their power of influence over its membership. Later, however, NAACP made affirm commitment to social programs. To fulfill these, the group engaged in efforts to expand its resource base through drives to attract both individual and corporate support (Paden, 2010).. NAACP’s Prioritization of Anti-Poverty Policy The founding bylaws of NAACP established the association as a highly centralized one whose activities would be implemented by local branches. NAACP was centralized from the beginning and the national body maintained control over branches and membership. In the early 1960s, NAACP became increasingly worried about losing its members to other organizations as civil rights movement picked up steam. The group also risked losing public’s perception of being the preeminent civil rights organization. NAACP had come under criticism for catering to the interests and of the middle and upper classes. This perception and reputation made the group to be particularly concerned with maintaining its relevance to the movement as poverty became an increasingly important issue for civil rights organizations (Paden, 2010).. NAACP’s Policy Shift to Target Low Income Earners The recruitment strategies of other civil rights group became of great concern to NAACP. The group became more concerned with its image as an elite, top down organization as the number of active civil rights groups continued to grow. These new civil rights groups were directly appealing to low income African Americans and stressed the significance of their participation in civil rights struggle. This competition had direct implications for NAACP’s recruitment strategies. The group addressed its image concerning the di rection it took in relation to political action and the masses. It had to move away from over-dependence on the middle class membership. It found the importance of reaching out to a greater number of African Americans. To get closer to the masses, the group targeted simplification of strategies which enhanced awareness. For instance, NAACP instructed all its local branches to request representation on Community Action Program (CAP) boards to maintain the groups visibility as the preeminent civil rights organization. The policy directions to branches were occasioned by the group’s desire to maintain its viability as a civil rights organization for all African Americans (Paden, 2010). NAACP’s Policy to Remove Employment Constraints for the Formerly Incarcerated NAACP also has well established policy of enlisting individuals leave U.S. prisons each year. Since the black community continues to face unique problems poised by those from incarceration yet encounter constraint s to re-entry back to society. These individuals are plagued with numerous constraints such as housing and employment, winning back custody of their children, voting, getting personal loans and obtaining other primary resources necessary for them to rebuild their lives. In 2009, for instance, NAACP developed an employment strategy designed to remove the unnecessary barriers to employment for formerly incarcerated people. The aim was to ensure unnecessary freeze on employment do not hinder qualified people of color a chance to participate in gainful work. The aim was also to encourage better living standards and to prevent discrimination against formerly incarcerated people as they are seeking to rebuild their lives through employment. The group works in concert with public and private sector employers in determining pragmatic solutions to this problem (Paden, 2010). NAACP’s Relationship with Financial Institutions The NAACP also strives to enhance relationship between financi al institutions and the people of color and other disadvantaged minorities. The group advocates for fairness and transparency in the criteria of acquiring quality loans from financial institutions. NAACP also uses its social capital to act in the US political system through advocacy on their economic inclusion. The group is engaged in ongoing programs that monitor and encourage corporate and industry diversity. It also enhances the business strategy of diversity in public and private employment across America including: establishing taskforces aimed at developing strategies to assist largest employers to cease discrimination especially against formally incarcerated individuals; establishing measures of fairness and diversity such as Economic Reciprocity Initiative report cards with respect to employment and wealth creation avenues for the coloreds; opening gateway to leadership among its membership through summer internship program. NAACP partners with the Money Management Institute in this initiative meant to prepare undergraduates from Black Colleges and Universities for leadership roles in the banking industry; and initiation of Madison Avenue Project to eliminate discrimination against coloreds in advertising sector to enhance diversity and equality (Paden, 2010). NAACP Involvement in Provision of Quality Education and Sector Reforms The NAACP recognizes that education defines civil and human rights issues of our time. Many schools in America continue to enhance segregation and do not prepare children to be reliable citizens. The NAACP reasserted its presence nationally in 2009 in education reform by advancing an agenda to improve education quality while bridging racial disparities in access and outcomes that existed. The plan assisted members of the educational community address the challenges in schools at every level of government and to build coalitions with an invigorated sense of clarity and hope. Through these comprehensive plan, the country tackled education disparities by addressing issues such as; quality of teachers, student career readiness, equitable resources, and others (Paden, 2010). To date, the NAACP continues to advance key education programs in communities throughout the US, including: offering support and training to communities throughout the country, ensuring equitable distribution of education resource, and guard against racially disparate use of school discipline policies and teacher quality; enabling minority students access to gifted and talented educational programs; and increase the number of African American board certified teachers in schools throughout the US through an elaborate partnership with National Board of Professional Teacher Certification (Paden, 2010). Conclusion In sum, NAACP has an elaborate well established membership across the US. The group advocates for key cardinal issues that are fundamental to development of colored people. Besides being the custodian of constitutional rights of Afr ican Americans and minorities, NAACP plays influential role of establishing social and judicial reforms in the US. It also advances political, economic, educational and social equality of the rights of all people to remove racial bias. This mission is accomplished through the US judicial system. The NAACP leadership works against discrimination on racial grounds and crimes based on hate by ensuring that they are punished whenever they occur. The paper has identified several issues that NAACP has sought to influence, including: issues of discrimination in social, economic, political, education, employment, and others. Reference List Paden, C. (2010). Civil Rights Advocacy on Behalf of the Poor. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania University Press. Putnam, R. D. (2000), Bowling alone :The Collapse and Revival of American Community, Simon Schuster, New York.

Kudler Fine Foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Kudler Fine Foods - Essay Example , improving the efficiency of its operations and increasing the consumer purchase cycle as a means to increasing the loyalty and profitability of its customer base. It will be shown that Service Request will be implemented in such a fashion that directly reflects Kudler Fine Foods Mission Statement of â€Å"provide our customers the finest in selected foodstuffs, wines, and related needs in an unparalleled consumer environment.† Kudler is presently using simple point of sale interfaces to serve its customers and must upgrade its software and hardware system. They do not possess any mechanism to track their sales, their data capturing mechanisms are not good at all. The can use Novell Replication Services to replicate the data between the three servers at each location for redundancy. The WAN connection between the stores is the weak link and thus discourages the use of one centralized server. They require maintaining a distributed database for storing its accounting data from various sites and retrieve consistent data from various sites. The existing hardware must be upgraded to Pentium computers with capacity to support large number of transactions at any point of time. Each location will be on its own subnet for security and easier administration. Smaller networks are easier to manage and troubleshoot; network traffic overall is reduced; network security can be applied more easily at the interconnections (routers) between the subnets (Forouzan, 2003). Each location will do full backups Mon-Fri of their respective servers. The opportunities come in the form of various market success factors and technological advantages that can be exploited in the form of fetching a web interface with various internet technologies at hand. The various opportunities are in the form of: Market strength - Kudler has good reputation in the market for its quality products and services it offers. Further, it may implement an order tracking system to ease the localization of orders

Prejudice and Biases Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prejudice and Biases - Assignment Example He or she ought not to think about their particular ethnicity or maybe religious beliefs. In the scenario certainly where a leader will be prejudiced, he or she will certainly disregard the judgments or maybe tip associated with some others that could be equally vital. Some sort of leaders whos going to be prejudiced will develop an enormous space for those who are seeking both white-colored scruff of the neck and maybe azure scruff of the neck careers (Innis, 2008). It is also identified in that leaders that have a sturdy bias work with a great deal of demand handle management, because it isnt a real high quality of any leader. Instead, the leader needs to be clear of bias as a way to work with liability within their management (Whitley & Kite 2006). The best way to handle bias is usually to avoid the gross splendor of individuals, this is because it has been identified in that once a person is often discerning other people she or he will start to grasp bias; therefore it is in order to avoid splendor in order to avoid bias. The actual leaders can be careful of these terminologies in order to prevent the way it regards bias, this is because once they are making their language imperative she or he wont take into account different languages. An excellent leader shouldnt embrace or perhaps inspire biases inside their division of function. An example, in a situation in which a couple distinct employees in an organization are experiencing a quarrel, whenever they go to a biased boss he or she will not likely consider the fascination from the other party of different ethnic group. He or she will certainly will not able to solve the condition available (Whitley & Kite 2006). Sometimes some boss who are biased can look at themselves over others, any situation that can be excellent or even efficient they can decide to put for themselves. In order for leader to

Principles of General Surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of General Surgery - Essay Example In a diagnostic laparotomy, the nature of the disease is unknown, and laparotomy is deemed the best way to identify the cause. In therapeutic laparotomy, a cause has been identified (e.g. peptic ulcer, colon cancer) and laparotomy is required for its therapy. Usually, only diagnostic laparotomy is referred to as a surgical operation by itself; and when a specific operation is already planned, laparotomy is considered merely the first step of the procedure. Depending on incision placement, it may give access to any abdominal organ or space, and is the first step in any major diagnostic or therapeutic surgical procedure of these organs, which include the lower part of the digestive tract (the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon), the liver, pancreas and spleen, the bladder, the female reproductive organs (the uterus and ovaries) and the retroperitoneum (the kidneys, the aorta, abdominal lymph nodes) The most common incision for laparotomy is the midline incision, a vertical incision which follows the linea alba. The upper midline incision usually extends from the xiphoid process to the umbilicus, while a typical lower midline incision is limited by the umbilicus superiorly and by the pubic symphysis inferiorly. Sometimes a single incision extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis is employed, especially in trauma surgery. Midline incisions are particularly favored in diagnostic laparotomy, as they allow wide access to most of the abdominal cavity.

Family Conflict And Triangulation Analysis

Family Conflict And Triangulation Analysis The purpose of this article is to illustrate the importance of boundary setting during parental conflict. Often children are incorporated both voluntarily and involuntarily in dyadic confrontations that involve the parents. This research shows the long term and short term effects on both the parent and child psychologically and physiologically. Boundary setting is important for the growth, development and current maintenance of a family. Involving children in arguments is not only detrimental to the parents marital relationship, but also damaging to the parent-child relationship. This paper illustrates cause and effect consequences of triangulation. Family Conflict and Triangulation Familial conflict is inevitable. A multitude of quantitative and qualitative data has been accumulated in order to improve familial relationships. Numerous studies and focus groups spotlighted adolescents and their parents to find more data on triangulation and its negative effects on families. According to Franck and Buehler (2007), a triangulation study was conducted on 506 teens and their mothers. The study focused on conflict properties, cognitive appraisals of threat and blame, emotional insecurity, and triangulation to determine the possibility of a direct relationship between adolescent behavior problems, marital distress, and maternal depression (Franck and Buehler 2007). After thorough research, it was found that marital hostility and distress were associated with adolescent behavioral problems and familial stressors (Franck Buehler 2007). This paper will focus on parental and child triangulation and its effect on both the adolescent and the adult. Triangulation can be defined in a multitude of ways. Some may use the term mathematically, while others use it psychologically. Fosco and Grych (2008) broadly described the psychological term for triangulation as the involvement of a third person in a dyadic conflict. Triangulation is not possible with two people; it has to involve at least three people triangulate the conversation and ensure one or more of the parties agrees with his or her opinion. Buehler and Welsh (2009) stated that triangulation occurs when two people in a family bring a third party to dissolve stress, anxiety or tension that exists between them. Often feuding parents might involve their children in the conflict to gang up on the other parent. A more in-depth definition that better describes the target group focused on in this paper illustrates a family and child triangulation as childrens direct participation in parental disagreements and their subjective sense of feeling caught in the middle (Fosco and Grych, 2008). Due to ignorance, some parents may be unaware that they are involved in triangulation. Some statements a child might say if he or she is involved in a triangulation situation are My parents make me feel caught in the middle when they argue my mom always asks if I notice how my dad starts the fights mom and dad always ask me questions when they are in the middle of an argument after an argument with mom, dad always comes to me and explains his point of view I hate it when mom and dad involve and ask me questions when they are arguing. Parents should be more cognizant of accidentally or purposely involving children in marital disputes because it can be detrimental to the child. Efforts to better understand the impact of interparental disagreements on children have identified a number of factors that may elude to the fact that exposure to continual hostile and poorly resolved conflict can cause adjustment problems. (Fosco and Grych 2008). Behavior issues may become more frequent when boundaries are not set between parental arguments and children. According to Fosco and Grych (2008), appraisals reflect childrens opinions on parental conflict. Parental conflict can be detrimental to the childs well-being or the functioning of the family unit; therefore, the child may hold himself or herself responsible and believe that the disagreement was caused by his or her conduct. Parents who involve children in marital confrontations fail to realize how detrimental involvement can be to their child. Specifically, appraisals of threat and self-blame, emotional reactivity and distress, and triangulation into parental discrepancies each have been made known to play a key ro le in the relationship involving parental discord and child maladjustment, thereby making the child feel responsible for ending or resolving the conflict. (Fosco and Grych 2008). The effects of parental triangulation on the child can cause long term damage. According to Buehler and Welsh (2009) Parental conflict and tension are proposed to induce emotional arousal in children, triggering emotional and physiological responses. Involving children in arguments can be both mentally and physically exhausting for the child. Families that show patterns of triangulation have emotional, and physiological, responses that tend to have difficulty differentiating when not to turn off than in families with better boundary maintenance (Buehler and Welsh 2009). Often parents will include the child in arguments forcing the child to choose a side. Franck and Buehler focused on triangulation that occurs when parents bring a child into an argument by using the child as a messenger or buffer between the parents; as a confidante or counselor about issues with the other parent, the child is forced to ally against the other parent during marital disputes. By allowing children to get involved in domestic disputes, not only is the child negatively affected, but the involvement is also detrimental to the marriage. Triangulation amplifies adolescences risk for disruptive behavior because this process impedes with numerous prospective strategies that have been found to shield youths from the potential harmful effects of marital hostility (Franck and Buehler 2007). Research shows that repeated exposure to parental conflict can affect a childs experience, expression and control of emotion (Fosco and Grych 2008). Children subjected to constant triangulation can experience major emotional tribulations as well. It was found through trauma theories that recurring exposure to affectively disturbing events undermines a childs ability to regulate his or her emotions (Fosco and Grych 2008). When a child is unable to regulate his or her emotions it becomes difficult for them to maintain control. With this information, it can be concluded that a child from an argumentative family may display a greater sensitivity to his or her parents conflicts (Fosco and Grych 2008). Children who are exposed to tumultuous relationships and constant triangulation by parents are not as thoroughly researched as other topics that have been researched that involve family conflict. Beuhler and Welsh (2009) stated Triangulation into parents disputes has received much less empirical attention than has verbal and physical interparental aggression; however, some evidence exists that triangulation places youth at risk for adjustment problems, particularly internalizing problems such as anxiety, depressive symptoms, and social withdrawal (2009). Triangulation does not just occur during an argument between parents with a child present. It also occurs long term when a child is made a confidante. Franck and Buehler (2007) found that when parents get upset they have a tendency to bring children into the argument by making them messengers between the parents. Triangulation can be caused by a number of different reasons. Martial conflict and depression have been named to be some of the main reasons triangulation occurs. Parents involved in domestic disputes have a tendency to want a witness to validate their argument. Counselors, friends, family members, and children have been known to get pulled in to the dispute. Scholars found data proving that parents that involve people in their domestic disputes may be depressed (Frank and Beuhler 2007). Parents feel validated when loved ones and friends side with them in the domestic dispute. Frank and Beuhler (2007), searched even deeper and found that a mothers depression is more closely related to internalizing disruptive behaviors in children than fathers. Frank and Beuhler (2007) felt that a fathers depression is more closely related to poor cognitive functioning in his children than internalizing problem behaviors. Studies show that triangulation affects both the parent and the childs relationships in a negative way. One of the mechanisms by which marital conflict becomes a risk factor is the triangulation of the child or adolescent into parental disputes such that youth feel caught in the middle and torn between divided loyalties (Buehler and Welsh 2009). During an argument, parents feel that their point is more validated if the child agrees with them. Unfortunately, the long term affects of adolescent affirmation during parental altercations are detrimental to the marital relationship. Although their involvement in a parental disagreement may be effective in deflecting attention from problems in the marriage, it may intensify the impact of parental conflict on childrens functioning by making them the target of parental anger or disrupting their relationship with one or both parents (Fosco and Grych 2008). Studies show that it is pertinent that the children be left out of parental conflict. It is clear that triangulation of adolescents also is harmful to adolescents in married families. Thus, clinicians and others who work with families need to assist parents with keeping marital problems within the martial dyad. Adolescent children need to be left out or blocked from parents marital issues; Parents need to improve their ability to cope with and handle the anxiety associated with martial conflict in ways that do not involve their children (Buehler and Welsh 2009). In addition to disrupting marital stability, triangulation can cause long term issues in the growth and development of the family. Fosco and Grych (2008) stated that when children perceive conflict as a threat to themselves or the family, they tend to worry about the stability of the family relationship. Running a family requires order, with no stability, there is no foundation; and with no foundation it tends to be less order. Parents should lead by example when teaching children. Often children mimic their parents and learn from observations. Parents who frequently resort to triangulation as a means of managing their disputes may be less prone to teaching or modeling adaptive conflict resolution to their children (Fosco And Grych 2008). Avoiding the involvement of children can be very difficult for some parents. Not only does triangulation temporarily diffuse marital arguments, but it can also allude to the vindication or validation of a parents actions. Fosco and Grych (2008) found information proving that triangulation could shape the impact of parental discord in children. When the child feels caught in the middle and observes that the attention of the argument is deflected from the parents and reverted to them, they may make a habit of involving themselves and marital disputes. If disruptive behavior is effective at distracting attention from marital problems, children may develop more stable patterns of acting out in stressful circumstances. Triangulation can occur both consciously and subconsciously. Unfortunately, if in the familial setting boundaries are not in place, detrimental repercussions can occur. Triangulation can occur in many different forms. Whether it includes the parent and child, grandparent and grandchild or siblings and parent, an unconstructive outcome is almost inevitable. The need to want to be right and acquire support is human nature and understandable. However, when you engage children in tumultuous relationships and put them in the middle of altercations, serious repercussions may occur for the child and adult. Rather than involving relatives and friends in conflict, it is important that families seek out counseling to secure the growth and stability of the family structure. Therapists can utilize a number of different techniques and or approaches to help families partaking in triangulation. Due to the difference of upbringing, social, cultural, and economic levels, it is best that the counselor incorporate an integrative approach to families who are involved in a triangulation conflict. An integrative approach incorporates all of all the approaches. It allows the therapist to utilize the best fitting approach for the client to obtain optimal results. Conflict is inevitable and felt to be manifest, but if familial conflict involves triangulation it is sure to end unconstructively.

The Benefits Of Fitness In The Workplace

Tit care costs over the past decade; from 2002 to 2008, the return was $2. 71 for every dollar sped NT. A corporate wellness program is an employer-sponsored program designed to support employees as they adopt and sustain behaviors that reduce health risks, improve quality of life, and enhance personal effectiveness. A key component of the wellness program is sponsoring a fitness center in or near the workplace. Studies show that a regular regime of exercise for the employee will lower health care costs, absenteeism, and workplace stress.Productivity increases as the worker can operate more efficiently. Happy and healthy employees are more focused, dedicated, and productive while at work. While providing employees with nutrition education, employer s can take a preventative approach to the health of their staff. This preventative practice o f health care benefits the employer as well as the employee by preventing chronic diseases through proper diet and exercise. This increases the e mployee's physical and mental health, make Eng a more productive employee. The more productive the employee, the more successful lull the business.In Duran 2 order for this approach to succeed, businesses would require employees to p eradicate in at least one form of exercise provided by the company. The company would need to establish a fitness center ideal for increasing heart rates and challenging muscles. The difficulty of staying healthy in today's society has become overwhelming t o the fulfillment worker. Many jobs require long periods of sitting or standing, thereby creating weak and strained muscles. Work takes up a majority of the day, preventing people from squeezing in a full work Out.Having a fitness center at or near the workplace allows employ yes to conveniently improve their mental and physical health without the stress of a overloaded schedule. A company's wellness center should support a wide range of exercise sees for a diverse group of employees with different f itness goals. Cardiovascular exercise is pr oven to improve the condition of the heart, while lifting weights builds muscles to support a strong err body and promotes joint function. Rotating exercises each day, business could organize runs, walks, and bike rides during work hours for their staff.Yoga classes offered before work help stretch and awaken the employees, giving them better focus and concentration. To count err the midday slump any jobholders experience after a hard morning at work, employers could r fresh their employees with an afternoon session of strength training to work the muscles that have been cramped from sitting or standing for long periods of time. An hour break woo old be enough time to improve the productivity of an employee if utilized correctly. An effective BRB cake from work would include a cardiovascular exercise with moderate resistance to challenge e and increase the heart rate.Another benefit of corporate wellness is a stronger relationship between cow errors. The time spent in the gym and outside running or biking with employees allows the m to bond, Duran 3 creating trust and understanding. The more an employee can trust and relate to his or her coworker, the better they can work together. Living a healthy lifestyle with diet and exercise is a desirable benefit offered b company. Joanne McFadden, an American City Business Journal writer, stated, (1 benefits of exercise are welkin and irrefutable, and an onsite fitness center is an at attractive benefit for employees. The health of the American workforce has been declining, reducing productive TTY and company earnings. An unhealthy employee costs more to cover than a health y employee. However, the need for health care is greater than ever. (2) More than 133 mill ion Americans, have at least one chronic condition. Providing healthcare to more than 1 33 mi Lion American requires a large amount of money. ( 3)According to the Centers for Disease C intro (CDC), chronic disease re quires 75% of the health care spending budget. 5)Premium s for multiprocessors health insurance have risen from $5,791 in 1999 to $13,3 75 in 2009 (a 131 % increase), with the amount paid by workers rising by 128%. Employers c loud have a significant impact on the health care system just by improving the health of the IR employees. (4)Obesity is one of the root causes of chronic disease, accounting for nearly 1 0% of the amount that the U. S. Spends annually on healthcare. Obesity is preventable as well as reversible. Living a healthy lifestyle includes working in an environment that encourages physical wellness.Reducing stress and increasing productivity encourage healthier weight man segment. The benefits are not only for the employee but also for the employer. The financial I benefits a company receives from a healthy employee include reduced cost in health car e spending. The employee will cost less to cover if the worker is maintaining or improving his or her overall Duran 4 co ndition. (6)A recent study shows that if individuals adhere to healthy lifestyle e practices such as maintaining a healthy weight, eating well, exercising regularly, and avoiding to sins, chronic disease could be reduced by as much as 80%.The price of an unhealthy ample eye takes a toll on the financial success of a company as well as the overall health care system. Businesses are beginning to provide employees with tools they need to cache eve a healthier lifestyle. (7) â€Å"Two years ago, Trust Company of Illinois started a well as program. The company's thirty employees underwent biometric screening-?tests of r blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol. Workplace wellness helps curb health care costs, term 01 levels and other important measures. ‘It was really an eye-opening exercise,' says Debbie Greg rash, SCOFF at the Downers Aggravated company. It turned on the lightly for people. ‘ â€Å"The company went a step further last year. Workplace wellness consultant C thy Leman, who runs Glen Lambasted Nutrient Inc. , was hired to conduct a seminal r on walking. Workers got pedometers for a walking contest. Other wellness events were added this year, including seminars and healthy c joking demonstrations, and more sessions are scheduled for 2013. ‘We are still in the e infancy stages of our program,' notes Ms. Gregorian, who can't quantify the savings yet. † â€Å"Overall, the cost benefits of worker wellness are becoming apparent.A 201 0 study in the journal Health Affairs showed that every dollar spent on wellness program ms reduced corporate medical costs by $3. 27 and cut absenteeism costs by $2. 73. An Jug just survey by the National Business Group on Health found that 61 % of firms found wellness in titivates to be one f the three most effective tools to keep down healthcare costs. A 201 0 study in the American Duran 5 Journal of Health Promotion showed that workers highly engaged in a wellness s program have fewer hospital adm issions, shorter hospital stays and lower overall costs. The negative aspect of providing an in office wellness center is the budget. The e cost of a wellness center in an office will vary depending on the equipment; however, c costly machines are not necessarily the most effective method of working out. Free weights are an inexpensive way to perform a variety of exercises in any environment. Jumping rope and ruin Eng the stairs are common and effective cardiovascular exercises. The amount of body weight e exercises that can be done in a variety Of places is more than enough to fill an hour long workout t.Providing an affordable fitness center for the employees is achievable by using the surround ding space, going outside, and including free weights as well as using body)weight to work out. Many employees seeking weight loss as a wellness goal will have more of an I incentive to go to work if exercising is included in the workplace. By creating a more desire able work space, equines see a decrease in absences and late arrivals. Providing employees WI the motivation to go to work increases attendance and performance.Educating unhealthy employ sees and giving them the opportunities to improve their physical condition in the workplace is a des arable benefit that all businesses should offer. By providing employees with a wellness center, the employer will create a MO re efficient worker. The stressful tasks of a workday can be approached with more energy y and productivity through a healthy diet and exercise routine provided by the company. The me player benefits ancillary, while the employee benefits both mentally and physically from exe rising in the workplace.

4222-305 Understand Positive Risk Taking for Individuals with Disabilities (Ld 305)

4222-305 Understand positive risk taking for individuals with disabilities (LD 305) 1. Understand that individuals with disabilities have the same right as everyone else to take risks 1. 2 Explain why, traditionally, people with disabilities have been discouraged or prevented from taking risks. In Social Care there is an accountability for the welfare of the individual, whether they are being cared for or enabled to be independent. The enabler has responsibility for the individual, and the Company that provides the service to the client has responsibility towards both the enabler and the individual.They are answerable to families, CQC, the local council, social care workers and the police. An individual, who has the mental capacity to know and understand what they are doing and the consequences, is bound by British Law. Risks are not just about accidents that may happen; they are also about behaviour and social awareness. When a person is not acting in a socially acceptable manner, m embers of the public may complain or at least interfere. They may get hurt, or their belongings damaged. There is a tension between the concept of â€Å"duty of care† and â€Å"empowerment and inclusion†.It is not legal under British Law to put vulnerable people into a place of risk. However, it is not legal to imprison them either. There has been, and still is confusion and tension between the concepts of safeguarding, responsibility, duty of care, inclusion, empowerment, and enablement. In past generations, there was less inclusion for people with learning disabilities, and if a person is not included in everyday life, then they are not included in the risks taken in everyday life. Thinking about my own life – I cook: I cut my finger with a knife by accident. I iron: I catch myself and endure a shallow burn.I cross the road: I take safety precautions, but a random car may speed up, or a motorbike turn without signalling. These are risks I take several times da ily. Why is a person with learning difficulties exempt? They are not exempt, but there is the understanding that their concept of risk could be quite different to mine. Because they have learning difficulties, they may not learn that the knives cut, the iron is hot, and vehicles kill. Therefore they are at greater risk if allowed to cut with sharp knives, iron with hot irons and cross roads alone, than I would be.Do we experience an over-bureaucratisation of care in the Western part of the world? Is there a blame culture, arising from an increasingly litigious society? One mistake and a company is sued. The temptation is to do nothing that incurs risk; with no risks taken there is no chance of an accident. There is no chance of investigation, court proceedings, compensation, increased insurance charges and negative reputation adhering to the company. Companies who deliver Social Care are accountable. They need to follow British Law.Risk assessments should be put in place for activit ies that incur reasonable risk, and these need to be followed. The individual with learning difficulties should be supported so that risks are minimal, documented, prepared for and no unnecessary risks take place through negligence. Andy Alaszewski et al (1999) Empowerment and Protection: a conclusion from this study was that organisations and agencies need to develop risk policies that embrace both protection and empowerment issues if individuals with a learning disability are to enjoy full lives in the community.Another aspect of risk in the community is the right of people who do not have diagnosed learning difficulties to live their life with minimum disruption. I have taken a person with learning disabilities to a cafe where he put his hand in a person’s salad, and tried to sit on their knee. Thankfully the salad had been left by the customer, but they did not want anyone sitting on their knee. I had put risk assessments in place, and thought it a positive place to enter the community, but I had no forewarning that the cafe was far more full than usual, and that there would be no room to sit down immediately.Here we have an example of risk that was assessed, taken, and culminated uncomfortably. The customer left the premises quickly. Do I take the individual again another time? Or should we abandon all attempts to visit the cafe? It would be easier with two enablers, so one could find out information when the individual arrived at the premises, whilst the other enabler supported the individual. But there is no funding for 2-1 care. This leaves a situation where risk will always be present, but the skills of the enablers will hopefully grow as they learn ways of promoting positive behaviour in the community. . 3 Describe the links between risk taking and responsibility, empowerment and social inclusion. Anybody who takes a full role in society takes risks: crossing the road, using a bus, driving a car, and talking to people they do not know. Risk ma y be physical (injury and accident), emotional (humiliation, sense of failure), or mental (stress). A person who is excluded from a group is disempowered. Inclusion is a strong and forceful need. Many people consider being part of a tribe, gang, clique or social group a necessary part of their life. Exclusion is disempowering.We are aware of bullying in schools, and the words still resound in my ears, â€Å"You can’t be part of our gang! † With inclusion and empowerment comes the responsibility and consequences of taking part in society in a socially acceptable way. This is laid out in British Law. A â€Å"gang† may not adhere to British Law, and so there are consequences including extra risk taking leading to injury, death and imprisonment. â€Å"The governing principle behind good approaches to risk is that people have the right to live their lives to the full as long as that does not stop others from doing the same. (Independence, choice and risk: a guide to best practice in supported decision making. Department of Health, May 2007) Duty of care requires everyone to â€Å"take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. † (Donoghue (or M’Alister) v. Stevenson case, Lord Atkin 26th May 1932). The duty of care requires a person, with or without learning difficulties to consider the consequences of their acts and omissions and to ensure that these do not give rise to a foreseeable risk of injury to another person.The expectation is that a person is expected to act reasonably, not guarantee the safety of others at all times. Risk assessments should be put in place for those individuals who maybe cannot foresee the result of their acts, and would not understand the consequences. The duty of care rests with the social care providers. For a person with learning disabilities, they need social inclusion but are disempowered if they take part in social activi ties and yet do not behave in a socially responsible way. Therefore risk assessments are needed. I do a quick mental risk assessment when I cross the road.A person with learning disabilities may need that risk assessment doing on their behalf, due to lack of traffic awareness. The risk assessment may also identify their need to be fully supported as they cross the road. Once the risk assessment is in place, and adhered to by enablers, the individual can be taken into the community, guided across the road safely and positive consequences experienced. An example of social inclusion and empowerment can be seen in a Cake Bake sale where a group of individuals with learning disabilities baked for the Cake Bake sale, and advertised it around the village.It was held at the Church Hall and announced in the church service. Prior to the Cake Bake sale, two individuals had been regular members of the congregation and supported by enablers to take part in the service. The Cake Bake Sale was wel l attended by many members of the congregation, who also supported by bringing cakes and helping to wash up and put crockery away. There was a huge positive input from the local community. There were many risks involved – from cooking with hot ovens, to walking up the church hall and crossing busy roads to get there.There were risks that the Cake Bake sale may not attract local community members because it was known to be run by people with disabilities. There were also risks in the handling of money and safekeeping of money. But these risks were assessed, catered for, the individuals supported properly and the Cake Bake sale was a resounding success. It raised money for a compost heap and tools for a garden project. 2. 1 Explain the process of developing a positive person centred approach to risk assessment. UBU’s policy is that a risk assessment should be completed when a person is involved in undertaking an opportunity that may put him or her at risk.It does not sto p the person taking part in that activity, but it does show that the risk element has been carefully calculated, evaluating the probability of the risk against the severity of the risk. It is to be discussed with all the parties involved and so becomes a multi-disciplinary approach. The risk is shown to be reasonable and will enhance the individual’s quality of life, but at the same time, all precautions are being considered and put into action. Being a person-centred approach to risk assessment, the person (not the activity, and not the staff or the premises) is at the heart of the risk assessment.The person’s behaviour and (if applicable) condition are taken into consideration. It is considered if the risk will induce emotional harm. High risk areas may be highlighted. A risk is assessed, recorded and monitored to ensure consistency, good communication, and on-going assessment and review take place of any decision taken. This demonstrates that thorough discussions ha ve taken place. Risks are discussed at the three monthly quality review, and six monthly service evaluation. They will be taken into account at any other discussions held to assess a person’s well being and progress.People learn through being given or seeking out opportunities. This may involve different amounts of risk. The first time somebody does something may be more risky than the time they do the same activity six months later. Knowing the person and understanding them is crucial, and this is where risk assessment becomes positive. By knowing the person, their behaviour, medical condition, emotional welfare, habits, enjoyment, strengths as well as weaknesses, the risk assessment can be tailored to their individual needs. Sometimes expert advice from an external professional may also be needed to ensure the best risk assessment is created. . 2 Explain how to apply the principles and methods of a person centred approach to each of the different stages of the process of ri sk assessment. The first step in creating a risk assessment is to create a person centred Care Plan. This is called â€Å"Getting to Know Me† and is ideally created with the individual, keeping it as person-centred as possible. It documents practical information such as the name, address, date of birth, GP details, but also documents likes, dislikes, fears and other personal information. There are two small boxes for each relevant section that are ticked if necessary.One is for Support Plans where extra support is needed. The other is for Risk Assessment, where a formal risk is pin pointed. The Getting to Know Me is kept on Sharepoint, the confidential electronic (computer based) system of UBU. By ticking the box, a risk assessment document is created for the individual and is filled in by the individual and person doing the assessment. The person doing the assessment will have received training to enable them to do this correctly. They will be a Deputy Manager or Team Leader , or higher manager. At the centre of Getting to Know Me, the support plans and the risk assessment lies the individual.The documents allow for individuality, whilst presenting a consistent approach throughout UBU. A risk assessment is headed with the following sections: * Subject * Issue * What has happened in the past? * What could happen in the future and is there anything that could make it worse or make it more likely to happen? * Who would be at risk and how would they be affected? * What is already happening to reduce or remove this risk? Have any other management plans been used or been effective previously? (if not why not) * Based on all the information that has already been considered how likely is it that something will happen? A number is given scaled 1 – 5) * What makes you think this? * Based on all the information that has already been considered if something did happen then how serious could it be? (A number is given scaled 1 – 5) * What makes you thin k this? * A risk value is then produced by the document * What is the risk from this issue? * Are there any benefits to my quality of life from this issue? * What needs to be done to remove this risk or make it less serious * Is there anything else that needs to be done to reduce this risk? * How, when and by whom will this be monitored? * My comments about this assessment (I agree with this assessment, I disagree with this assessment because? ) (The individual is asked to fill this part in). * Where I disagree with any part of this assessment (The individual is asked to fill this part in). * The reason my enabling team feel that this should be included in my plans is†¦ * Does this present a specific risk to my enabling team? There is then room for planning a review. As it can be seen, the individual is part of the risk assessment process and consulted on their agreement or disagreement with it. 2. 3 Explain how a service focussed approach to risk assessment would differ from a person centred approach.Rather than focussing on the individual, their objectives, dreams and their life, the risk assessment is based on statistics. Instead of giving room for the individual and their team to comment on the risks, the assessment and the prevention of undue risk being undertaken leading to danger, tick boxes are provided which do not allow for comment. The focus is on what can go wrong, not what can go right. The person is seen as a problem to be managed instead of a person to be enabled, and an individual who can fulfil ambitions and offer a contribution to society.At worst the person becomes an â€Å"object† for assessment. 2. 4 Identify the consequences for the individual of a service focussed approach to risk assessment. Individuals being supported in social care environments may seem to have less power and status than those who enable them, support and care for them. If they want to take a risk, the question that is most pertinent might be that of, â₠¬Å"How does the risk affect the more powerful people who enable, support, care and manage the place where they are (live). If there is a risk involved that may affect the perceived â€Å"powerful† people, then it is more likely that the individual will be prevented from taking the risk. Sometimes the risk that is feared is more imagined than real. Unpredictable actions from individual can have an impact on the reputation of the service provided by the company. This has happened at Mayfield Court, where a complex individual was taken out into the community where he caused some disruption. An member of the community complained to head office about the treatment of the individual as he was â€Å"saved† from rushing into a road with oncoming traffic.They did not like the way the enabler dealt with the situation. The enable was acting within the boundaries of the Care Plan, Support Plan and Risk Assessments for that individual, but the member of the community was not used t o the complex and unsocial behaviour of the individual. Should he then not be allowed to go walking and bike riding around reasonably safe areas of the locality? As a result companies providing support and care risk assess everything quite intrusively and obsessively focus on every aspect of the lives, behaviours and potential behaviours of the people they support. Proceduralisation† is increased, defensive practices become the norm, and there is a culture of blame avoidance. The parties involved have very different interests from each other. Conflict can result. Cooperation, agreement and action is needed so that individuals do lead the lives they dream of. 3. Understand the legal and policy framework underpinning an individual with disabilities’ right to make decisions and take risks. The Human Rights Act 1998 states: * the right to life * freedom from torture and degrading treatment * freedom from  slavery and forced labour the right to liberty * the right to a fai r trial * the right not to be punished for something that wasn't a crime when you did it * the right to respect for private and family life * freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and freedom to express your beliefs * freedom of expression * freedom of assembly and association * the right to marry and to start a family * the right not to be discriminated against in respect of these rights and freedoms * the right to peaceful enjoyment of your property * the right to an education * the right to participate in free elections the right not to be subjected to the death penalty Many of these rights incur risk. Liberty means no imprisonment against the will. But taking part in freedom does incur risk. We all have the freedom to express our beliefs. Some people may express harsh or discriminatory beliefs. They will have to balance their responsibility to other people, their right to express their beliefs and the consequences that come of their expression. This is harder sometimes fo r a person with learning difficulties. Hence the risk assessments that may need to be in place. Everyone has the right to assembly and association.This leaves vulnerable people open to potential abuse (we all are – property theft, verbal abuse to name two). They also need to be aware that other people have rights and there may be consequences to their actions that are not comfortable or pleasant. If a person with learning difficulties hits a member of public they may end up being arrested, or hit back. These are just some examples of Human Rights, the risks associated and the necessity to make risk assessments for vulnerable people to safeguard them as they do enjoy their full Human Rights as set out in British Law. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice states: 1.Every adult has the right to make their own decisions if they have the capacity to do so. You must assume that a person has capacity unless it can be established otherwise. 2. Individuals should receive supp ort to help them make their own decisions and all possible steps should be taken to try to help him or her to reach a decision themselves. 3. Individuals have the right to make decisions that others might think are unwise. Making an unwise decision does not mean that a person lacks capacity. 4. A person’s capacity must not be judged simply on the basis of their age, appearance, condition or an aspect of their behaviour. 5.It is important to take all possible steps to try to help people make a decision for themselves. 6. Any act or decision should be the least restrictive in relation to its purpose. The Mental Capacity act promotes independence for people and also allows for the making of mistakes and learning through making mistakes. Without experiences people do not develop and learn. However, it also suggests that people are given the support needed, so that they do not come to harm whilst doing so. Risk assessments should not unreasonably restrict a person. They should saf eguard them, but should be relevant to the real risk, not feared and imagined risks.NHS and Community Care Act 1990 sets out how the NHS should assess and provide for patients based on their needs, requirements and circumstances. Each individual has different needs, requirements and circumstances and therefore the provision for each individual should be different. The Act introduced an internal market into the supply of health care, making the State an â€Å"enabler† of health and social care provision, not a provider. The duty for assessing people for social care and support rests on the local authorities, so people who need community care, get the services they are entitled to.People giving care follow a set of rules called â€Å"The Care Value Base. † The care value base is a set of rules and guidelines that every care practitioner has to follow in order to provide services to their clients. The seven principles are: 1. Promoting anti-discriminatory practice 2. Main taining confidentiality of information 3. Promoting and supporting individuals’ right to dignity, independence, choice and safety 4. Acknowledging people's personal beliefs and identities 5. Protecting individuals from abuse 6. Providing effective communication and relationships 7. Providing individualised careWhen all these principles are in balance individuals should receive the support needed to live full and interesting lives, make their own choices and decisions to the extent of their mental capacity and yet be protected from abuse if vulnerable. They have a right to safety, and this is why risk assessments are put in place. Equality Act 2010 requires equal treatment in access to employment as well as private and public services, regardless of the characteristics of age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation.This ensures that people with learning disabilities should be able to make choices a nd decisions freely about seeking jobs and accessing all aspects of life. There should be no restrictions. Support should be given appropriately after assessment with support plans and risk assessments to ensure this can take place. General Social Care Council Code of Practice A social care worker must protect the rights and promote the interests of the service users and strive to maintain trust and confidence. The independence of the service users should be promoted, whilst protecting them as far as possible from danger or harm.This is where risk assessments and the adherence to such plays its part. A social care worker must respect the rights of the service user whilst seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or other people. There are consequences to actions, and responsibility lies both with the individual (if they have the mental capacity) and the social care worker. Public trust and confidence from the public with regards to social care services must be upheld. Members of the public should be able to see people with learning difficulties out in the community, but in a safe and sensible way.A social care worker is accountable for the quality of their work. They have the responsibility for maintaining and improving their knowledge and skills. The managers and deputies have the overall responsibility for Care Plans, Support Plans and Risk Assessments, but the enablers also have the responsibility to read them, understand them and put them into practice. Also, when they are reviewed and change, to re-read them and understand the new documents. Valuing People, White Paper 2001 covers four key principles: civil rights, independence, choice and inclusion.It takes a life-long approach starting with an integrated approach to services for disabled children and their families, then, providing new opportunities for a full and purposeful adult life. The proposals should result in improvements in education, social services, health, employment, h ousing and support for people with learning disabilities and their families and carers. Valuing People underpins the individual’s right to make their own decisions, act independently and be included into society. A person with learning disabilities has the same civil rights as everyone else.They also share the same responsibilities, actions have the same consequences, and British Law applies. Whilst British Law strives to promote independence for people with disabilities, it does not protect them from the consequences of risk taking. This is where a balance is needed between duty of care (for both the individual and others), consequences of actions, learning from successes and mistakes, and ensuring an overall wellbeing for all concerned through risk assessment. 4. 1 Analyse why individuals with disabilities may be at risk of different forms of abuse, exploitation and harm in different areas of their lives.An individual who is in supported living is often a more vulnerable pe rson. The term vulnerable person refers to anyone over 18 who is or may be in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age, illness, may be unable to take care of him or her, or is unable to protect him or her against significant harm or exploitation. Who Decides, Lord Chancellor’s Office 1997 Such people may be elderly, physically or mentally frail, suffer from a mental illness including dementia, have a physical or sensory disability, have learning disabilities, or have a severe illness.Abuse is a violation of an individual’s human rights by any other person or persons. It may consist of a single or a repeated act. It is the maltreatment, physical, emotional or financial, of a vulnerable adult. It may comprise threatening behaviour, neglect, sexual abuse, or the misappropriation of finances or material assets. Abuse can be physical, sexual, psychological, financial or material, neglect and acts of omission, and discriminatory abuse. At Mayfield Court different individuals have different risk assessments in place to safeguard them in situations where perceived abuse could take place.One individual has been risk assessed that he should never be allowed to go to the pub alone, and must always have support. Incidents have happened when clients of pubs use threatening behaviour towards him. Another individual has a risk assessment that he cannot go alone into the community because he stares at children, especially young boys. Parents perceive him to be a risk to their children, although there are no grounds for this. He would like to play with the children, as he never could do so as a child due to his medical condition. So he looks longingly at them, and becomes a perceived risk in the community.As a result he could be abused by those who take action to protect their children (quite understandably). Another individual has no competent money and financial awareness. He has been risk assessed so that he must be support ed in the community with regards to shopping. He would spend all his money on goods that were not necessary, often repeat purchases of a single item (one diary is good, several of the same diary is better! ) and would waste his money. This would lead to a situation where bills cannot be paid and the quality of his life would be compromised, so his risk assessments are in place to ensure it does not happen.Whilst this would be his choice, he could easily be abused financially by shopkeepers, or members of the public who take advantage of his good nature and vulnerability. It would also be abusive to pretend to provide support for him, whilst not safeguarding him to manage his money in a reasonable and sensible way. Stopping him buying items that he actually enjoys, would also be abuse. On supporting one individual with severe Down’s Syndrome through the streets of York, a school trip of children aged approximately 10 years old went by. Several of the children pointed their fin gers and shouted out, â€Å"Look at that little man! This could be construed as abuse (although they are children, and probably more interested than abusive). But highlighting a person’s differences negatively is discrimination and bullying. When managers consider the Care Plans for individuals, they need to consider such risks, and write risk assessments to safeguard individuals as they go about their normal, everyday life in community situations, because unfortunately there are risks in life by simply being out in the community for everybody and anybody. 4. 2 Explain how to support individuals to recognise and manage potential risk in different areas of their lives.The enabler is in a key position to support an individual to recognise potential risk in everyday living situations. Once the risk has been recognised the enabler can work with the individual, and possibly Deputy Managers and Team Leaders to manage the risk. It depends on the type of risk presented. Deputy Manag ers and Team Leaders at UBU write the risk assessments that are recorded in risk assessment documents on the Computer System Sharepoint. These may have been flagged up by enablers or keyworkers, but training is needed before the senior staff formally write them.The risk can be recognised by the individual, or by staff supporting them. Risk assessments are often written for an individual from their Care Plan (Getting to Know Me). The individual may be introduced to the perceived risks after the risk assessment has been created. It depends on their own awareness level. One individual thought she knew all about money and could not understand why she could not countersign her own finance records. She has been assessed as having no concept of the value of money, or any recognition of coins and notes.She does know money exists, it is in her purse, and it can be exchanged for goods, but the value is not understood. She has had a risk assessment put in place to state this, and Deputy Manage rs and Enabler Plus staff members sign and countersign the finance records. She has gently been taught to understand that although she loves to sign her name, and she wants to take on independence in this area of her life, it is too risky, and she has had to come to terms with the recognition of money usage and a potential area of abuse that has to be covered by risk assessments that must be adhered to by staff.Talking to individuals and explaining in ways they can understand is a way to help them recognise areas of risk. An individual wanted to use the Spa pool at a hotel near to his home. But he was nervous of the water and use of the pool, due to a perceived bad experience years previously. I took him to the spa pool where he could view the pool area and where he could created his own risk assessment of the facilities and activity. He talked me through his perceived risks, and I wrote them down.Sometimes I pointed out a risk to him, and he decided how to deal with the risk safely . Together we created a detailed risk assessment, that I typed up and put in his folder so all staff could see it. I also gave a copy to the Team Leader so she could type it up onto Sharepoint. (Ref. Swimming Risk Assessment Reflective Statement 205/305/306) I use a â€Å"Stop and Check† method of risk recognition, using open questioning techniques before doing an activity. I ask, â€Å"What shall we do? † â€Å"How shall we do this safely? † This gives the individual chance to come up with the answers.The recall of past experience ingrains the knowledge, it gives them practice in thinking through a situation and safety awareness, and empowerment because they were not told, and they came up with the answer themselves. Some individuals learn through habitual practice and learn by rote. Verbal communication is not a primary method of communication for these individuals. When crossing a road I always enable them to STOP and CHECK before crossing – whether or not there is traffic coming. We ALWAYS walk on the pavement. We ALWAYS use the â€Å"little green man† at the crossings.This way, they learn the habit of safely. I plan with a person in advance, and as we plan activities, we think about and discuss safety, accidents, the best way of doing something, and what the consequences might be if we did not do something. Going to a garden centre on Sunday becomes a risky business if an enabler does not have a bus timetable that is up to date, and shows the Sunday bus service. The consequence could be no transport home, and no money to pay for a taxi. I explain why to those who can understand the concept. An individual wants to iron, and seems very capable.He has cerebral palsy. I have explained to him that because of his mobility issues, and because an iron is hot and unwieldy, it is better that he lets me iron, whilst he puts away. I make sure he feels praised by his putting away skills, rather than undermined because I have not let him try ironing. At Pastimes (a day care centre) individuals have had access to Advocacy Meetings, where they learn about their rights, responsibilities and the consequences of their actions. Education (formal) be it at a college, evening or day class may supply teaching about risky situations.There are many ways to help an individual recognise the risks in their lives, and manage them. But tactfulness, support, and inclusion in the risk management activity is a way of enabling the individual to learn what risks are pertinent to themselves and how to circumvent difficult situations, accidents and injury, humiliation and stress. 4. 3 Explain the importance of balancing the choices of the individual with their own and others’ health and safety. When an individual makes choices, they take responsibility for their actions, and need to think ahead about the potential consequences.Thinking ahead does not always come naturally to everyone, including those who are not assessed as hav ing learning difficulties. An individual wanted to go upstairs at Mayfield Court, to visit a friend who lived on the upper floor. She has been assessed as being at high risk of falling down the stairs. She has had it written into a formal risk assessment that she should not go up stairs. The reasons given are that she may fall and hurt herself badly, she may fall and land on top of somebody else, and she may damage property.She may not be able to get down the stairs. This may lead to a hospital visit, and the unnecessary usage of NHS ambulance and paramedic time. When in hospital, she may use more than her allotted support hours and then have to do without support another day, or pay for the extra support hours. Alternatively, she may have to go to hospital unaccompanied. UBU are accountable for her safety to her parents. The individual does not have the right to chose activities or make decisions that put another person into danger. The worst case scenario is manslaughter.The perso n can be supported to lead a full life, but not one which puts others into unnecessary danger, or may lead to someone’s injury or death. UBU do not have the right to allow the individual to freely do whatever they want without any regard to their own and other’s safety. However, if an individual has the full capacity to make decisions and understand the decisions s/he is making, and chooses to do the activity knowing that they are putting themselves at risk, then there is nothing a UBU enabler can do to stop them.They can encourage them not to, point out the risks, point out the consequences and make very detailed records, but the enabler cannot lock the person up and refuse to allow them out. Thus it was that the individual, who was not allowed to access the upstairs floor, went up anyway, knowing full well she should not do this, having been asked not to, and having had the consequences fully explained to her. She did get up and down the stairs without accident but s he did also put herself into an area of potential risk.She did not have an enabler’s support at that point in the evening and made the decisions by herself. 4. 4 Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice when supporting individuals to take risks. I believe in freedom of choice, as long as it does not affect other people adversely, and as long as it is not obviously going to put the individual in a situation of danger or difficulty. I am a great believer in try it and see, and have a go. I have a very person-centred approach to life and try to include individuals in decisions and choices made.I support individuals to action and complete activities they have chosen to do. But I do adhere to risk assessments that are formally in place, and created risk assessments either formally (e. g. for a holiday proposal) or mentally as a situation of perceived risk arises (e. g. crossing the road/entering a cafe that seems quite full). I do not tak e unnecessary risks. I do think and plan ahead in great detail. This includes physical, mental and emotional risk assessment, as well as secondary concepts such as â€Å"getting tired† which may not seem to be a risk as such, but could lead to other dangers.A tired person, who has been walking more than normal, is more likely to suddenly refuse to go anywhere else, and they and their enabler may end up stuck in town, or far away from bus stops, without the ability to return home. My experiences have been mixed as I have learnt my job. The risk assessment completed for the swimming activity at the Spa pool was a very positive activity. This lead to the individual using the pool facilities and overcoming his nervousness of water. The risk assessments completed before tenants holidays proved detailed and more than adequate to keep the individuals safe.However, there are always ad hoc experiences that one cannot plan for, and risk assessments must be done at the time of the risk being presented. I supported an individual to go to a supermarket and use the bus as transport. As it was the first time she had ever been, and she was new to Mayfield Court, the Deputy Manager went with me (we risk assessed that it was safer to have two of us supporting her, as she can present volatile behaviour). We took enough money for a taxi home if necessary. We went there, shopped successfully and had a fun time as well.We got on the bus home, and as we approached our stop, the individual rang the bell. The bus driver shot straight past the bus stop and we were a long way down the road before he could stop at the next bus stop. We disembarked but the individual lost heart and decided she would not move. We risk assessed at that point that getting a taxi the seemingly (to us) short way home was better than forcing her to try to walk, or creating a great fuss about walking, as we thought it necessary to complete the trip positively. Fortunately a taxi pulled up at a nearby shop , and we asked the driver to take us back to the individual’s home.The risk of the bus over-shooting and missing the bus stop was not foreseeable, but because we had to make quick decisions with regards to the physical, mental and emotional welfare of the individual, and we risk assessed the situation immediately, the decision we did make turned out very positively. On an individual’s holiday the individual asked for the freedom of the hotel, to go round, talk to people she had met, and have a drink with them. I risk assessed the situation as safe as long as I stayed within view, although minding my own business. I could be called on if necessary.The hotel staff’s job was not to look after and support the individual’s on holiday, but the hotel was for people with disablement, and part of their job description is to liaise with enablers and carers, and communicate any needs to them. Therefore I decided that it was a reasonable situation for the individualà ¢â‚¬â„¢s development and although risk (of falling over, having a seizure, annoying staff or guests) was involved, because I was somewhere near and could be sought easily, the risk was minimal. I adhere very strictly to one individuals risk assessment with regards to road safety.He has no traffic sense and would walk in front of a vehicle. I ensure I position myself between him and the traffic. Another individual has no traffic sense, but has been taught to walk on pavements. He does this and only needs strict supervision when nearing road crossings. However, I still do remain mindful and vigilant when out in the community with him. One individual for the most part enjoys going into cafes, but if they are crowded or have the wrong sort of music on, he can display socially unacceptable behaviour. I plan a cafe trip, take the necessary equipment (his bowl, mat, wipes, cutlery, plastic beaker) with us.But when we arrive I make a judgement as to whether to proceed with the cafe activity dependent on his mood presentation, the circumstances within the cafe, and any other factors that need accommodating. The whole purpose of the cafe experience is for the individual to enjoy it, and the risk assessment highlights whether he is likely to enjoy the situation or not. If not, there is no point in doing it. Part of my risk assessment practice is to â€Å"tune into† the individual’s mood and analyse whether he is in the right mind-set to cope with a particular set of circumstances at that particular time.What is a positive experience on one day may be quite disruptive and negative the next day. 4. 5 Explain the importance of recording all discussions and decisions made. When I make decisions on behalf of an individual, especially ones that may have far reaching consequences, I need to evidence why I made them, and in what circumstances. I therefore record my support in a Daily Log, and if there are any incidents, these are recorded in a specific record for v iolent incidents or other incidents.The Daily Log is mostly used, and here we record what the individual chose to do, what they did, how they did it, what happened, and what the outcome was. When decisions are made, I evidence why that decision was made. The enabler is responsible for the welfare and the safety of the person they are supporting and this includes the physical, mental and emotional welfare and safety. UBU is also accountable, and hence have a full set of Policies and Procedures, Care Plans, Support Documents and Risk Assessments in place for each person.The nature of the job as an enabler is to support individuals so that accidents and injury, abuse and harmful decisions are not made. Risks are taken, but the Daily Log can show that the risk was reasonable, and assessment had taken place. The risk assessments can be referred to. The enabler is responsible for adhering to risk assessments, support plans and care plans. If the individual chooses and forces a decision to discount the risk assessment, or ignore it, it must be documented that reasonable persuasion took place. In some cases it can also be documented in the communication book and the individual can sign it.Two tenants decided to share support for the evening so they could go together to a pub for a drink. This meant that one tenant would have to forgo support, in the event of the other, more vulnerable tenant’s safety or health being compromised. I wrote out a contract in both their communication books which stated that they both understood what they were doing, what they were doing, what the consequences would be. They signed their own and each others’ books, and it was also fully recorded in the daily logs. They went out and had a good time.An individual whose risk assessment states he must be supported in the community at all times due to his lack of regard for traffic (after being run over by a car), ignored his risk assessment at a time when he was not supported, and went on a bus to a pub about 2 miles away. He then met another tenant who was there with his supporting enabler. He completed his journey in safety, but had put himself at considerable risk to do the journey. This was explained to him, but his attitude was that he wanted to socialise and have a drink, and he should not have to stay in all evening just because he did not have support.This is a difficult situation, but the individual did present the capacity to understand his decision, to know it went against his risk assessment, and that it may have had severe consequences. He did not show remorse. Some individuals have the mental capacity to choose to disregard their risk assessments knowing the consequences, and others have not. They cannot decide to disregard the risk assessments that have been put in place for their own welfare. They will act on what they think at the present moment. This capacity should also be risk assessed by professionals.A social care manager may have to be brought in to review and put support plans in place if a person repeatedly brought undue risk to them self or to others. A person who has the capacity to make a decision with understanding is accountable to British Law and the consequences of breaking it. UBU and I, as Enabler Plus, must evidence and record that all reasonable steps have been taken, policies and procedures followed, advice sought and followed, and authorities notified in accordance with UBU’s policies and procedures. Susanna Fox 4. 7. 12

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